Good governance

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Good governance is an indeterminate term used in development literature to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources in order to guarantee the realization of human rights.[1] Governance describes "the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented)".[1] The term governance can apply to corporate, international, national, local governance [1] or to the interactions between other sectors of society.

The concept of "good governance" often emerges as a model to compare ineffective economies or political bodies with viable economies and political bodies.[2] Because the most "successful" governments in the contemporary world are liberal democratic states concentrated in Europe and the Americas, those countries' institutions often set the standards by which to compare other states' institutions.[2] Because the term good governance can be focused on any one form of governance, aid organizations and the authorities of developed countries often will focus the meaning of good governance to a set of requirement that conform to the organizations agenda, making "good governance" imply many different things in many different contexts.[3][4][5]

Forms

In international affairs, analysis of good governance can look at any of the following relationships:[3]

between governments and markets,
between governments and citizens,
between governments and the private or voluntary sector,
between elected officials and appointed officials,
between local institutions and urban and rural dwellers,
between legislature and executive branches, and
between nation states and institutions.

The varying types of comparisons comprising the analysis of governance in scholastic and practical discussion can cause the meaning of "good governance" to vary greatly from practitioner to practitioner.[3]
[edit] Reform and standards

Three institutions can be reformed to promote good governance: the state, the private sector and civil society.[6] However, amongst various cultures, the need and demand for reform can vary depending on the priorities of that country's society.[7] A variety of country level initiatives and international movements put emphasis on various types of governance reform. Each movement for reform establishes criteria for what they consider good governance based on their own needs and agendas. The following are examples of good governance standards for prominent organizations in the international community.
[edit] IMF
See also: Structural adjustment

The International Monetary Fund declared in 1996 that "promoting good governance in all its aspects, including by ensuring the rule of law, improving the efficiency and accountability of the public sector, and tackling corruption, as essential elements of a framework within which economies can prosper."[8] The IMF feels that corruption within economies is caused by the ineffective governance of the economy, either too much regulation or too little regulation.[8] To receive loans from the IMF, countries must have certain good governance policies, as determined by the IMF, in place.[8]
[edit] UN
The UN flag
The UN flag

The United Nations emphasizes reform through human development and political institution reform.[9] According to the UN, good governance has eight characteristics.[1] Good governance is[1]:

Consensus Oriented
Participatory
following the Rule of Law
Effective and Efficient
Accountable
Transparent
Responsive
Equitable and Inclusive

[edit] World Bank
Main article: Worldwide Governance Indicators

The World Bank is more concerned with the reform of economic and social resource control.[9] In 1992, it underlined three aspects of society which they feel affect the nature of a country's governance:[9]

type of political regime;
process by which authority is exercised in the management of the economic and social resources, with a view to development; and
capacity of governments to formulate policies and have them effectively implemented.

[edit] Effects
[edit] International humanitarian funding

Good governance defines an ideal which is difficult to achieve in full, though it is something development supporters consider donating to causes.[10] Major donors and international financial institutions, like the IMF or World Bank, are basing their aid and loans on the condition that the recipient undertake reforms ensuring good governance .[1] This is mostly due to the close link between poor governance and corruption.[8]
[edit] Democratization

Because concepts such as civil society, decentralisation, peaceful conflict management and accountability are often used when defining the concept of good governance, the definition of good governance promotes many ideas that closely align with effective democratic governance.[6] Not surprisingly, emphasis on good governance can sometimes be equated with promoting democratic government.
[edit] Example

A good example of this close association, for some actors, between western democratic governance and the concept of good governance is the following statement made by Hillary Clinton in Nigeria on August 12, 2009:[11]

Again, to refer to President Obama’s speech, what Africa needs is not more strong men, it needs more strong democratic institutions that will stand the test of time. (Applause.) Without good governance, no amount of oil or no amount of aid, no amount of effort can guarantee Nigeria’s success. But with good governance, nothing can stop Nigeria. It’s the same message that I have carried in all of my meetings, including my meeting this afternoon with your president. The United States supports the seven-point agenda for reform that was outlined by President Yar'Adua. We believe that delivering on roads and on electricity and on education and all the other points of that agenda will demonstrate the kind of concrete progress that the people of Nigeria are waiting for.

[edit] Role of Political Parties

Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have criticised past studies of good governance to place tool little importance on developing political parties, their capacity and their ties to their grassroots supporters.[12] While political parties play a key role in well-functioning democracies, elsewhere political parties are disconnected from voters and dominated by elites, with few incentives or capabilities to increase the representation of other voters.[12] Political parties can play a key role in pivotal moments of a state's development, either positively (e.g. organising and instigating violence) or negatively (e.g. by leading dialogue in a fractured society).[12] While differences in the electoral system play their role in defining the number of parties and their influence once in power (proportional, first past the post, etc.), the funding and expertise available to parties also plays an important role not only in their existence, but their ability to connect to a broad base of support.[12] While the United Nations Development Program and the European Commission have been providing funding to political parties since the 1990s, there are still calls to increase the support for capacity development activities including the development of party manifestos, party constitutions and campaigning skills.[12]
[edit] Criticism

According to Sam Agere "The discretionary space left by the lack of a clear well-defined scope for what governance encompasses allows users to choose and set their own parameters."[4]

In the book, "Contesting 'good' governance" Eva Poluha and Mona Rosendahl contest standards that are common to western democracy as measures of "goodness" in government.[5] After applying political anthropological methods, they feel that governments believe they apply the concepts of good governance when executing their activities, however, cultural differences result in conflict with the standards of the international community.[5]
[edit] See also

Due diligence
Good government
Peace, order and good government
Worldwide Governance Indicators
Governance

[edit] References

^ a b c d e f What is Good Governance. UNESCAP, 2009. Accessed July 10, 2009.
^ a b Khan 16
^ a b c Agere 1
^ a b Agere 4
^ a b c Poluha, Eva; Rosendahl, Mona (2002). Contesting 'good' governance:crosscultural perspectives on representation, accountability and public space. Routeledge. ISBN 9780700714940. found at Google books
^ a b Agere 10
^ Agere 11
^ a b c d "The IMF's Approach to Promoting Good Governance and Combating Corruption — A Guide". International Monetary Fund. 20 June 2005. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
^ a b c Agere 3
^ Agere 2
^ http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009a/08/127830.htm
^ a b c d e Foresti and Wild 2010. Ssupport to political parties: a missing piece of the governance puzzle. London: Overseas Development Institute

[edit] Book Sources

Agere, Sam (2000). Promoting good governance. Commonwealth Secretariat. ISBN 9780850926293. found at Google Books

Khan, Mushtaq Husain (2004). State formation in Palestine: viability and governance during a social transformation: Volume 2 of Political economy of the Middle East and North Africa. Routledge. ISBN 9780415338028. found at Google Books
[edit] External links

What is Good Governance?, UNESCAP
sgi-network.org Sustainable Governance Indicators
World Bank Researchers Analysising Governance

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Constitutional Law

What is Constitutional Law?

Constitutional law relates to the study, practice, interpretation and administration of laws set forth by a country’s constitution. In the US, for example, the US Constitution is the basis for all constitutional law. Any legal subjects that deal with constitutional rights or violations are a part of constitutional law.

Experts in constitutional law may participate in cases that seem to be in clear violation of the constitution. Additionally, constitutional law experts may also participate in lobbying to change or amend existing laws if they seem to conflict with a nation’s views. Generally cases involving US constitutional law are heard by the US Supreme Court. They then write opinions or judgments based on their interpretation of the law.

Efforts to change constitutional law are often met with resistance or alternately with support. For several years, it has been suggested that constitutional law be changed to more clearly define marriage as between a man and a woman. Activists who wish homosexuals to be able to marry find this a clear violation of their rights. Those opposed to gay marriage support the change in the wording of the constitution.

Though it would seem that constitutional law is a static field, it is clearly not so, evidenced by this example. In fact the law is flexible and the US constitution has undergone many changes and amendments.
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Initially the US Constitution had seven articles. Further changes or additions to the law are called amendments. The articles are still listed but since the ratification of the US Constitution, 27 amendments have been added. The most recent amendment was the 1992 27th amendment limiting pay raises for members of Congress.

However since the initial writing of the constitution, over 10,000 amendments have been proposed. Thus constitutional law and its interpretation are constantly subject to scrutiny and it is possible, though difficult, to amend the constitution.

Some landmark amendments to the constitution that have changed the way the US administers the law are the 13th amendment which abolished slavery, and the 26th amendment which made it illegal to stop anyone over 18 from voting.

Since the full text of each article and further amendments is written in terms that are frequently subject to interpretation, the way in which the constitution is administered can be swayed by the politics of each US Supreme Court Justice. In general, Republican Justices tend to more conservatively view constitutional law. Democratic Justices are likely to take a more liberal view of constitutional law.

This is not always the case. Sometimes a Supreme Court Justice will draft opinions on laws that are not in keeping with the politics of the president who appointed him or her. Justices spend a great deal of time studying the law and looking at the law, and opinions can change over time. Especially since a Supreme Court Justice has a lifetime appointment, it is not unusual for a gradual shift in interpretations of constitutional law to occur.
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Discuss this Article
summertime
Post 8 I think that a main point some people miss while conversing about constitutional law is that it is studied on many different levels besides just the federal system here in the United States.

Many very specific experts in the subject exist for the sole purpose of studying state constitutional law. These lawyers and educated experts will often spend years dedicated to their specific state's documents.

Beyond this there are of course foreign constitutional law experts as well in different countries with completely different constitutions to study. Sometimes people forget that we are not the only nation with a federal constitution.
NightChef
Post 7 @fitness234, what amendments would you propose that we pass? I think that constitutional law is so complicated as it is that the more we add to this very cumbersome document the harder it will be for the public and our courts to interpret what the intention and effect the new amendment would have.

The problem we face with government today is the over-regulation of everyday functions in life that have no need for government interference.

I realize that I might sound like a hard-line libertarian but I assure you that we need to take heed when we pass such a strongly backed part of our legal system.

Laws can be changed fairly easily and even more so they can be deemed inappropriate or illegal in the court of law but to overturn or remove a constitutional amendment is a monumental task.

Prohibition is a good example of this. A failed experiment that should have been accomplished through a normal legislative process was a hotbed topic that riled enough support for a full amendment process to our most precious legal document.

The onset of alcohol prohibition with the 18th amendment to the constitution ushered in an era of organized crime and headaches for the population, so much so that the 21st amendment was passed to repeal it.

Perhaps if the lawmakers had consulted more so with constitutional law experts then we could have avoided so many issues with the complications that are brought in the amendment process.
fitness234
Post 6 I find it interesting that there have been so many proposed amendments withing the past couple hundred years of our existence. 10,000 is a lot and I am sure that is why we have a whole field of experts on constitutional law.

It is somewhat funny to me that the last amendment to actually pass all the way through our legislative branch is a limitation on the pay raises of our elected officials. It seems so trivial of a subject and it surprises me that it took over two hundred years to create a cap of that kind.

Either politicians were corrupt from the start and it took that long to fix the issue or over time they became more and more affected by the lobbying machine.

Either way around it there are still issues with political corruption and while I appreciate the law makers showing some self-restraint I think there are some issues that should be hashed out and possibly even a few constitutional amendments passed.

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Post 5 Through all the hard times, bad economy, corrupt politicians and general malaise that can depress one in our modern times, there is hope to be found within our constitution. Those that study the intricacies that make up our costituional law are today's modern freedom fighters.

Some people find it hard to think of an attorney or lawyer as a freedom fighter but I assure you there are hard-working men and women out there that have devoted their life and studies to constitutional law.

The mere fact that so much effort and work goes into studying such a document speaks to the quality and flexibility that exists within the system it outlines.
subway11
Post 4 Great article- I just want to say that I agree with the stance that a Supreme Court justice changes his or her view points over time.

For example, Justice Souter who was appointed by George H. Bush in 1990 was originally thought to have conservative leanings. At least that was the opinion and the hope of George H Bush who was a conservative republican president.

However, Justice Souter was known as a progressive justice often voting with a more liberal stance. The same thing happened in 1975, when then President Gerald Ford appointed Justice Stevens to the bench.

President Gerald Ford thought that Stevens was a moderate pick and would generally serve the conservative cause. This was not the case, as again Justice Stevens like Justice Souter voted in favor of liberal ideas and causes rather than the conservative ones as their Presidents’ had hoped.

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Tujuh Kunci Pokok Sistem PemerintaTujuh Kunci Pokok Sistem Pemerintahan Negara Republik Indon

Materi pengaturan sistem pemerintahan negara dalam batang tubuh (pasal-pasal) dijelaskan lebih terinci dalam penjelasan Otentik yang dikenal sebagai tujuh kunci pokok sistem pemerintahan negara republik Indonesia, yang pada dasarnya berisikan; bentuk negara, sistem konstitusi, supremasi MPR, sistem pemerintahan negara, pertanggungjawaban presiden, kedudukan menteri negara, dan kekuasaan kepala negara.

Ketujuh kunci pokok sistem pemerintahan negara republik Indonesia, adalah sebagai berikut :

Indonesia adalah negara yang berdasar atas hukum

Negara Indonesia berdasar atas hukum, tidak berdasarkan atas kekuasaan belaka.

Negara hukum adalah negara dimana kekuasaan penguasa negara tidak didasarkan atas kekuasaan semata-mata, melainkan didasarkan atas hukum dan dibatasi oleh hukum (Joeniarto, 1968: 14). Indonesia sebagai negara hukum, maka yang berdaulat adalah hukum, bukannya kekuasaan, hukumlah yang mempunyai kedudukan tertinggi. Dengan demikian setiap kegiatan pemerintah/ kemasyarakatan harus berdasarkan hukum dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara hukum.

Hukum disini adalah hukum dalam arti material, hukum dalam arti luas, yang berarti setiap tindakan negara harus mempertimbangkan dua aspek, yaitu aspek kegunaan dan aspek landasan hukumnya. Kunci pertama ini menegaskan bahwa Indonesia adalah negara hukum.

Sistem Konstitusional

Pemerintahan berdasar atas sistem konstitusi (hukum dasar) tidak bersifat absolutisme (kekuasaan yang tidak terbatas). Sistem ini mempertegas bahwa pengendalian pemerintahan atau penyelenggaraan negara dibatasi oleh ketentuan-ketentuan konstitusi (hukum dasar) atau ketentuan-ketentuan lain yang merupakan produk konsitusional dan bukan kekuasaan yang tidak terbatas. Hukum Dasar tertulis Indonesia adalah undang-undang dasar 1945. dengan demikian, pemerintah Indonesia berdasar pada UUD 1945.

Kunci kedua ini menegaskan bahwa Indonesia menggunakan sistem konstitusional, yaitu UUD 1945.

Kekuasaan negara yang tertinggi di tangan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR)

Kedaulatan rakyat dipegang oleh suatu badan, bernama Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, sebagai penjelma seluruh rakyat Indonesia. Majelis ini menetapkan undang-undang dasar dan menetapkan garis-garis besar haluan negara. Majelis ini mengangkat kepala negara (presiden) dan wakil negara (wakil presiden). Majelis inilah yang memegang kekuasaan negara yang tertinggi, sedang presiden harus menjalankan haluan negara menurut garis-garis besar yang telah ditetapkan oleh majelis. Presiden yang diangkat, ia ialah mandataris, dari majelis, ia berwajib menjalankan putusan-putusan majelis. Presiden tidak ‘neben’ akan tetapi ‘unter-geordnet’ kepada majelis.

Kunci ketiga ini menegaskan mengenai supremasi MPR sebagai pemegang kekuasaan negara yang tertinggi.

Presiden ialah penyelenggara pemerintah negara yang tertinggi di bawah majelis.

Di bawah majelis permusyawaratan rakyat, presiden ialah penyelenggara pemerintah negara yang tertinggi. Dalam menjalankan pemerintahan negara, kekuasaan dan tanggung jawab adalah ditangan presiden (concertation of power and responsibility upon the president).

Kunci keempat ini menegakan bahwa sistem penyelenggaraan pemerintah adalah sistem pemerintahan presidential.

Dengan demikian, berdasarkan atas asas ketiga dan keempat ini, maka presiden memiliki dua fungsi/kedudukan, yaitu:

Presiden sebagai mandataris MPR, karena presiden memegang tanggung jawab atas jalannya pemerintahan yang dipercayakan kepadanya dan mempertanggungjawabkannya kepada MPR, bukan kepada badan lain.
Presiden sebagai penyelenggara pemerintahan negara tertinggi, karena presiden dalam menjalankan pemerintahan negara, kekuasaan dan tanggung jawab ada ditangannya.

Presiden tidak bertanggung jawab kepada Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR)

Di samping presiden ada Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat. Presiden harus mendapat persetujuan DPR untuk membentuk undang-undang dan untuk menetapkan anggaran pendapatan belanja negara. Oleh karena itu, presiden harus bertanggung jawab kepada DPR, akan tetapi presiden tidak bertanggung jawab kepada DPR, artinya kedudukan presiden tidak tergantung dari DPR.

Meskipun presiden tidak bertanggung jawab kepada DPR, tidak berarti bahwa presiden dapat membubarkan DPR. Dan sebaliknya DPR pun tidak dapat menjatuhkan presiden.

Kunci kelima ini menegaskan bahwa penanggunjawaban presiden bukan kepada DPR

Menteri negara ialah pembantu presiden, menteri negara tidak bertanggung jawab kepada dewan perwakilan rakyat.

Presiden mengangkat dan memberhentikan menteri-menteri negara. Menteri-menteri itu tidak bertanggung jawab kepada DPR, akan tetapi bertanggung jawab kepada presiden. Kedudukannya tidak tergantung dari DPR, akan tetapi tergantung pada Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, melainkan tergantung pada presiden, yaitu menteri diangkat dan diberhentikan oleh presiden. Jadi pengangkatan dan pemberhentian menteri-menteri menjadi wewenang penuh presiden, dan oleh karenanya menteri-menteri bertanggungjawab kepada presiden, tidak kepada DPR.

Kunci keenam ini menegaskan mengenai pertanggungjawaban dari menteri-menteri hanya pada presiden.

Kekuasaan kepala negara tidak tak terbatas

Meskipun kepala negara tidak bertanggung jawab kepada Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, ia bukan ‘diktator’, artinya kekuasaan tidak terbatas. Presiden bertanggung jawab kepada Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, kecuali itu presiden harus memperhatikan sungguh-sungguh suara Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat.

Menurut asas ini kekuasaan kepala negara itu ada batasnya. Pembatasan kekuasaan kepala negara ini adalah :

Konstitusi (asas kedua), artinya tidak boleh menyimpang dari UUD 1945
Pengawasan atas penyelenggaraan pemerintah dari DPR, yaitu harus memperhatikan sungguh-sungguh suara DPR
Peranan menteri-menteri sebagai pembantu presiden yang juga mempunyai wewenang dalam menjalankan kekuasaan pemerintah.

Dengan demikian kemungkinan kemerosotan kekuasaan pemerintahan ditangan presiden (kepala negara) ke arah kekuasaan mutlak (absolutisme) dapat dicegah. Jadi kepala negara (presiden) bukan seorang diktator.

Kunci ketujuh ini menegaskan bahwa kekuasaan kepala negara (presiden) ada batasnya.

Saya, Abied, dari sebuah tempat paling indah di dunia. :mrgreen:

Salam ..

Tujuh Kunci Pokok Sistem Pemerintahan Negara Republik Indonesia

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7 asas penyelenggaraan negara

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7 asas penyelenggaraan negara
Tugas, Hak & Kewajiban DPRD

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Pembinaan bagi Anak Jalanan

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Krisis moneter yang berkepanjangan telah melanda bangsa kita saat ini semakin tidak memberikan tanda-tanda kearah yang lebih baik. Karena itu perlu penegasan dari pemerintah tentang pentingnya mempersiapkan Sumber Daya Manusia yang tangguh, unggul dan terampil agar bangsa ini mampu bersaing dengan bangsa-bangsa lain yang saat ini telah menjadi negara maju.

Masyarakat kompetitif abad XXI merupakan produk dari sistem pembangunan pendidikan nasional yang mantap dan tangguh. Pendidikan nasional merupakan bagian dari pembangunan nasional, melalui Undang-Undang No. 2 Tahun 1989 dikatakan bahwa tujuan pendidikan adalah:

”Untuk mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa dan mengembangkan manusia Indonesia seutuhnya, yaitu manusia yang beriman dan bertakwa terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dan berbudi luhur, memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan Read more

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Tujuh Kunci Pokok Sistem Pemerintahan Negara Republik Indonesia

Posted on November 21, 2010 |

Materi pengaturan sistem pemerintahan negara dalam batang tubuh (pasal-pasal) dijelaskan lebih terinci dalam penjelasan Otentik yang dikenal sebagai tujuh kunci pokok sistem pemerintahan negara republik Indonesia, yang pada dasarnya berisikan; bentuk negara, sistem konstitusi, supremasi MPR, sistem pemerintahan negara, pertanggungjawaban presiden, kedudukan menteri negara, dan kekuasaan kepala negara. Read more
Category: Uncategorized

Copyright © 2011 MasBied.com. All right Reserved.

Pentingnya Orang Penting

Iqbal Perdana:

“Ketika rakyat menjadi anarkhi,pemerintah bisa mengirim etnografer-etnografer untuk melakukan pendekatan dan mencari sebab terjadinya anarkhi,namun jika pemerintah menjadi anarkhi,seorang etnologi pun menyerah untuk melakukan pendekatan dan mencari sebab musababnya”

Negara adalah organisasi kekuasaan.Menurut teori Trias Politika,Negara dibagi oleh 3 organisasi kekuasaan,yaitu Legislatif,Eksekutif,dan Yudikatif.Ketiga oraganisasi kekuasaan ini diharap dapat menyelesaikan setiap persengketaan dalam masyarakat,membuat peraturan yang mengandung keadilan,mengawasi setiap gerakan pemerintah,dan melaksanakan setiap peraturan yang telah disepakati dan telah disahkan oleh presiden.Masalah-masalah yang muncul didalam masyarakat merupakan bahan fikir bagi Negara untuk mencari solusi yang efektif dalam memecahkan masalah-masalah tersebut.Peraturan-peraturan yang dibuat oleh Negara juga membantu meminimalisir setiap masalah yang muncul,oleh sebab itu Negara telah menganggap setiap orang tahu akan keberadaan setiap peraturan-peraturan atau undang-undang yang biasa disebut Fictie Hukum.Di samping itu,seorang filsuf terkenal yang bernama Plato juga membagi Negara dalam 5 bentuk,yaituAristokrasi,Timokrasi,Oligarki,Demokrasi,dan Tirany.Ia mendasari teori tersebut pada sifat atau jiwa manusia yang labil,perubahan dari 5 bentuk Negara tersebut sangat dipengaruhi oleh sistem pemerintahannya.Aristokrasimerupakan Negara yang dipimpin oleh orang-orang Aristokrat atau orang yang cerdik pandai,bentuk pemerintahan ini berpegang pada keadilan yang disesuaikan pada sifat atau jiwa manusia yang selalu berubah-ubah dan mereka lebih condong pada kemasyuran,oleh karna itu kepentingan umum diabaikan sehingga bentuk Negara tersebut berubah menjadi bentuk Negara yang Timokrasi.Saat Negara sudah berubah menjadi Timokrasi,system pemerintahan dipegang oleh orang-orang yang tersohor dan hartawan,segala tindakan penguasa ditujukan hanya untuk diri mereka sendiri,kekayaan Negara digunakan untuk kepentingan pribadi,setelah kekayaan yang melimpah didapatkan,negara tersebut berubah menjadi bentuk Oligarki.Setelah Negara berwujud Oligarki,pemerintahan dipegang oleh orang-orang kaya raya yang mempunyai hasrat ingin lebih kaya lagi,keadaan ini menimbulkan kemelaratan umum atau rakyat miskin,setelah sekian lama dizalimi oleh pemerintah,akhirnya rakyat bersatu untuk melawan pemerintah,maka berpindahlah bentuk Negara tersebut menjadi bentuk Negara yang Demokrasi.Saat Negara berada pada bentuk Demokrasi,pemerintahan dari,oleh,dan untuk rakyat.Prinsip utamanya adalah kebebasan dan kemerdekaan rakyat,akhirnya timbul sikap Anarkhi,dimana masyarakat sudah tidak mau diatur lagi,mereka hanya ingin mengatur diri mereka sendiri.negara tersebut menjadi kacau balau,dalam keadaan demikian diperlukan orang kuat untuk menanganinya,sehingga bentuk Negara sudah berubah menjadiTirany.Ketika Negara berbentuk Tirany,Negara tersebut dipegang oleh orang-orang kuat,menyingkirkan setiap orang yang tidak mengikuti peraturan dan setiap orang yang memiliki pendapat berbeda.

Pembagian bentuk-bentuk Negara tersebut dapat dijadikan petunjuk untuk mengatasi masalah yang terdapat didalam Negara.Melalui studi yang komparatif suatu Negara dapat mengetahui letak kesalahan dan cara memecahkannya.Jika masyarakat sudah anarkhi,Negara dapat mengambil langkah-langkah seperti mengirim etnografer-etnografer untuk melakukan pendekatan dan mencari sebab terjadinya anarkhi.Setelah mengetahui penyebabnya,Negara dapat dengan mudah berkolaborasi dengan masyarakat.Namun yang menjadi masalah besar,jika suatu Negara sudah tidak mau lagi mendengar suara rakyat atau Anarkhi Of Goverment.Rakyat tidak tahu berbuat apa,bahkan seorang etnologi pun menyerah melakukan pendekatan dan mencari sebab musababnya.

© 2010 FORUM.TEMPOINTERAKTIF.COM

Two Churches Torched in Indonesia

Two homes used as churches were burned to the ground in Riau on Tuesday night, a report said.

The incidents are the latest in a series of attacks on minority religious groups in Indonesia that have prompted international condemnation, including from the United States and European Union.

The homes were being used as unlicensed houses of worship in Kuansing regency, VIVAnews reported.

The first was in Pasarbaru in the district of Pangean and the second in the village of Logas in the district of the same name.

A Kuansing Police representative attempted to downplay the incident, saying the homes were “only made of board” and not real churches.

Pangean Police Chief Adjutant Cmr. Nazarudin was quoted by the news portal as saying that the houses were "easily burned because they were made of planks, thus flammable."

He said police were investigating the attacks and called on all residents to maintain security.

Christian Solidarity Worldwide recently said the lenient sentences handed down to 12 people convicted in the attacks that left three members of the minority Ahmadiyah community in Banten gave religious extremists a green light to continue their hatred.

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